How ISIS Works
編譯 | 黃俊霖
The jihadist group has oil revenues, arms and
organization, controls vast stretches of Syria and Iraq and aspires to
statehood. UPDATED Sept. 16, 2014
ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant) 聖戰團體擁有石油收入、武裝和組織，目前控制了敘利亞和伊拉克的連綿地區，並且欲建立涵蓋該地區的伊斯蘭國。
Organization
組織
The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria has a detailed
structure that encompasses many functions and jurisdictions, according to ISIS
documents seized by Iraqi forces and seen by American officials and Hashim
Alhashimi, an Iraqi researcher. Many of its leaders are former officers from
Saddam Hussein’s long-disbanded army who augmented their military training with
terrorist techniques during years of fighting American troops. Related article »
根據由伊拉克軍隊奪得的 ISIS 文件，以及由美國官員和伊拉克研究員
Hashim Alhashimi所見過的其中內容指出，伊斯蘭國在伊拉克和敘利亞具有許多複雜結構，包含許多職責和管轄權。許多它的領導人是從薩達姆˙海珊的一個前軍隊出身，他們曾在與美軍戰鬥的多年期間，於軍事訓練上增加有關恐怖分子的技術內容。
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the
self-proclaimed caliph of ISIS, has two deputies. One is responsible for Syria
and the other for Iraq.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi , 阿布·貝克爾·巴格達迪，為ISIS伊斯蘭國的首領，同時自封為哈里發。其擁有兩個分部代表，一個負責敘利亞，另一個則是伊拉克。
Leadership council領導委員會/理事會
Mr. Baghdadi relies on a number of advisers with direct access to him.
Members of this council help handle religious differences, order executions and
ensure that policies conform to ISIS doctrine.
巴格達迪依賴於一些可直達他的顧問。其成員協助處理宗教分歧與命令的執行，以及確保政策符合ISIS的宗教教義。
Cabinet 內閣
Managers oversee departments like finance, security, media, prisoners and
recruitment.
管理人監督部門掌管如財政、安全防衛、媒體、囚犯和招聘等事項。
Local leaders 地方領導
At least a dozen deputies across Iraq and Syria report to the deputy of
each country. Many of these officials were military officers during Saddam
Hussein’s rule.
跨越伊拉克和敘利亞的地區中，分別至少有十幾個代表向上層代表（伊拉克、敘利亞區）彙報。其中許多官員是由薩達姆的統治下的軍官出身。
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-proclaimed caliph of
ISIS, has two deputies. One is responsible for Syria and the other for Iraq.
Leadership council
Mr. Baghdadi relies on a number of advisers
with direct access to him. Members of this council help handle religious
differences, order executions and ensure that policies conform to ISIS
doctrine.
Cabinet
Managers oversee departments like
finance, security, media, prisoners and recruitment.
Local leaders
At least a dozen deputies across
Iraq and Syria report to the deputy of each country. Many of these officials
were military officers during Saddam Hussein’s rule.
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the self-proclaimed caliph of
ISIS, has two deputies. One is responsible for Syria and the other for Iraq.
Leadership council
Mr. Baghdadi relies on a number of
advisers with direct access to him. Members of this council help handle
religious differences, order executions and ensure that policies conform to ISIS
doctrine.
Cabinet
Managers oversee departments like
finance, security, media, prisoners and recruitment.
Local leaders
At least a dozen deputies across
Iraq and Syria report to the deputy of each country. Many of these officials
were military officers during Saddam Hussein’s rule.
Sources: Jasmine Opperman, Terrorism Research & Analysis Consortium;
Hisham Alhashimi. Photograph by The Associated Press.
Territory
領土
ISIS has rapidly expanded its control over Iraq and Syria
by seizing towns and cities near major supply routes, critical infrastructure
and border crossings.
ISIS佔領了靠近主要供給路線、關鍵基礎設施和邊境口岸的城鎮，迅速擴大了在伊拉克和敘利亞的控制。
ISIS-controlled places
Areas under full control
Areas of recurring attacks
Sparsely populated areas
Sources: Caerus Associates; IHS Jane’s; Institute for the Study of War;
Soufan Group; (control areas as of Sept. 9)
Over the summer, the group pressed deeper into Syria,
regaining some territory it had lost to other rebel groups and capturing
several government military bases. It is still trying to consolidate its
control along the border between Iraq and Syria.
今年夏天，該組織深入敘利亞，收復了其部分失去於其他反叛團體的領土，並且攻奪了多個政府軍事基地。它仍然在試圖鞏固其沿伊拉克與敘利亞之間的邊境控制。
ISIS fighters experienced some setbacks in Iraq, where
American airstrikes helped Iraqi and Kurdish forces reclaim the Mosul Dam and
the Turkmen city of Amerli.
美國的空襲下，ISIS的戰士在伊拉克經歷了一些挫折，此舉幫助了伊拉克軍隊和庫德族武力奪回摩蘇爾水壩 (Mosul Dam) 和土庫曼城市Amerli。
Financing
財政
Millions of dollars in oil revenue have made ISIS one of
the wealthiest terror groups in history. Experts estimate the value of the
output from the dozen or so oil fields and refineries under its control in Iraq
and Syria at $1 million to $2 million a day. Related article »
數百萬美元的石油收入使得ISIS成為歷史上最富有的恐怖組織之一。據專家估計，ISIS控制下的伊拉克和敘利亞的十幾個油田及煉油廠輸出值達每天100萬美元至200萬美元。
Oil
fields Oil fields controlled by ISIS
100 Miles
TURKEY
IRAQI
KURDISTAN
IRAN
Mosul
Raqqa
Erbil
Aleppo
Iraq-Turkey
pipeline
Kirkuk
Omar
oil field
Baniyas
Tartus
Baiji oil
refinery
Euphrates
Homs
Tigris
SYRIA
LEBANON
IRAQ
Damascus
Baghdad
Falluja
Rutba
ISRAEL
JORDAN
TURKEY
IRAN
100 miles
IRAQI
KURDISTAN
Aleppo
IRAQ
Homs
Tigris
SYRIA
Tigris
Euphrates
Baghdad
Damascus
Sources: Brookings Doha Center; Caerus Associates; Energy Information
Administration; International Energy Agency; Iraq Oil Report; Platts
The group controls many of Syria’s eastern oil fields. In
July, ISIS fighters took control of the country's largest oil field, Omar,
which was producing about 30,000 barrels a day when it was fully functioning.
Recently it was producing about a third of that or less.
該集團控制許多敘利亞東部的油田。今年七月，ISIS的戰士奪取該國最大油田－奧馬爾（Omar）的控制權，全運轉時每天可生產約30000桶。最近它產量僅達先前的三分之一或不到。
ISIS expanded its attacks into Iraq’s oil-producing areas
in June, and an August sweep into the Kurdish region gave it access to more of
the country’s oil assets. Experts estimate that the Iraqi oil fields under ISIS
control may produce 25,000 to 40,000 barrels of oil a day — worth a minimum of
$1.2 million in the underground market.
在六月，ISIS擴大了對伊拉克的產油區的攻擊，八月橫掃至庫德地區，此舉使其獲得更多的該國的石油資產。據專家估計，在ISIS控制下的伊拉克的油田每天可產25,000至40,000桶原油一最低值地下市場的120萬美元。
Governing
統治 (治理)
When it seizes a city, ISIS keeps select services
operating while using brute force to impose its vision of a fundamentalist
Islamic state. Religious police make sure that shops close during Muslim
prayers and that women cover their hair and faces in public. Public spaces are
walled off with heavy metal fences topped with the black flags of ISIS. People
accused of disobeying the law are punished by public executions or amputations.
At the same time, ISIS keeps markets, bakeries and gas stations functioning.
當佔領一個城市時，ISIS確保特定的服務持續運作，同時以暴力實行其伊斯蘭國家原教旨主義的願景。宗教警察確保在穆斯林祈禱時間商店關閉，以及在公共空間女性必須遮蓋自己的頭髮和面孔。公共空間被金屬圍欄隔開，上頭插著ISIS的黑旗。被指責不遵守法律的人們遭公開處決或受截肢懲罰。於此同時，ISIS保持市場、麵包店和加油站運作。
Food distribution near Aleppo. 於Aleppo的食物分發
Distribution of cooking gas in Deir al-Zour. 於Deir al-Zour分發炊事用途的瓦斯
Destruction of an unapproved religious site. 摧毀不受認可的修道院
A member of the ISIS religious police. 屬於ISIS成員的宗教警察
Food distribution near Aleppo.
Distribution of cooking gas in Deir
al-Zour.
Destruction of an unapproved
religious site.
A member of the ISIS religious
police.
Source: ISIS videos posted online
Military
The Central Intelligence Agency believes that ISIS has
between 20,000 and 31,500 fighters in Iraq and Syria and estimates that 15,000
of the jihadists are foreign recruits. Related article »
美國中央情報局認為，ISIS在伊拉克和敘利亞有20,000至31,500戰士，其中估計約15,000名聖戰士是外國招募而來。
The
origins of ISIS’s foreign recruits
Dotted lines represent the low end
of a range.
Syria
Iraq
KEY
50
100
500
1,500 fighters
Dotted lines represent the low end
of a range.
Sources: C.I.A.; Peter Neumann, King's College London; the International
Centre for the Study of Radicalisation and Political Violence; Soufan Group
The largest blocs of foreign fighters come from nearby
Muslim countries, like Tunisia and Saudi Arabia. Smaller contingents come from
countries as far away and disparate as Belgium, China, Russia and the United
States.
外國戰士來源的最大區塊來自鄰近的穆斯林國家，如突尼西亞和沙烏地阿拉伯。少數的份額來自遙遠且不同類的國家，如比利時、中國、俄羅斯和美國。
Weapons
武器
ISIS has stolen hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of
weapons and equipment from Iraqi and Syrian military installations. It has also
intercepted supplies en route to Syrian rebel groups from foreign governments.
Conflict Armament Research, a private firm that investigates arms trafficking,
has tracked small arms and rockets used by ISIS that appear to have been
provided to other combatants by Saudi Arabia and the United States.
ISIS已從伊拉克和敘利亞的軍事設施盜取上百個價值數百萬美元的武器裝備。它也於途中截獲由外國政府和敘利亞反政府軍之間的補給。Conflict Armament Research為一間調查軍火販運的私人公司，已追踪到ISIS所使用的小型武裝和火箭筒，似乎是從先前沙烏地阿拉伯和美國所提供給其他戰鬥團體而來。
Among the weapons that Conflict Armament Research
examined were M16 and M4 rifles stamped “Property of U.S. Govt.” Such weapons
are also in the hands of irregular Shiite forces in Iraq, where the United
States provided hundreds of thousands of small arms to supportive forces during
its long occupation.
在Conflict Armament Research所檢驗的武器中，M16和M4步槍的武器標有「美國政府財產」。這樣的武器也在伊拉克非正規什葉派武裝中可見，與美國在占領伊拉克的期間提供了成千上萬的小型武器給當地輔助性的武裝有關。
Conflict Armament Research found M79 antitank rockets
from the former Yugoslavia that were identical to M79 rockets provided by Saudi
Arabia to rebels in Syria.
Conflict Armament
Research研究發現，來自前南斯拉夫的M79反坦克火箭筒和沙特提供給敘利亞反政府武裝的M79火箭筒相同。
